The+Americas

The Americas

__ESPIRIT CHART ON AZTECS __

· Aztecs adopted irrigation agriculture by building chinampas, which were beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth. · Yield from chinampa agriculture was high; four corn crops a year were possible. · Each community had markets, every 5 to 13 days. || · Warrior nobles took lands and tribute from conquered towns · Extended from the Tarasca frontier to the Maya area · Group of 10,000 migrated to the shores of Lake Texcoco. · Serfs served as laborers on lands. · Another group were the scribes, artisans, and healers, which were important to big cities · Divided into calpulli, which were clans that was a form of organization that later expanded. · Calpulli: residential groupings, neighbors, allies and dependants || · Aztec rise to power and arranged an imperial state. · Aztec had been divided into 7 calpulli or clans, which was a form of organization. · Aztec tribe used political anarchy to invade the area of agriculture. · Lake dominated by tribes or people organized into city-states <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Ruled by a king who represented civil power. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Nobles controlled the priesthood and military. || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Aztecs had a reputation as tough warriors and followers of Gods. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Tenochtitlan created an alliance with 2 other city-states <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Based on military power and their connection to Toltec culture <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Long-distance trade in luxury items. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Merchants served also as agents for the Aztec military || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Aztecs believed in different gods, such as the god of rain, fire, water, and sky. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Human sacrifice expanded into an enormous cult. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· 128 major deities <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Each diety had a male and female <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Depended on mythology that explained the birth and history of gods and there relationship with people. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Three major themes or cults Tlaloc, Huitzilopochtli and Nexhualcoyotl. || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Toltec’s adopted features, added militaristic ethic. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Spoke Nahuatl. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Believed in human sacrifice. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Aztecs art and poetry are filled with images of flowers, birds, and songs. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Polygamy existed among nobility, but the peasants were monogamous. || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Technology limited social development <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Women spent 6 hours a day grinding corn by hand on stone boards. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">E || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Economic:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">S || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Social:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">P || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Political:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">I || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Interactions:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">R || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Religion:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">I || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Cultural & Intellectual:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">T || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Technology and demographic changes:

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Summary: The Aztec rise to power arranged an imperial state. Aztecs adopted irrigation agriculture by building chinampas, which were beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth. Yield from chinampa agriculture was high; four corn crops a year were possible. Aztecs had a reputation as tough warriors and followers of Gods. Aztecs believed in different gods, such as the god of rain, fire, water, and sky. However, their technology limited their social development.

__<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">ESPIRIT CHART ON INCAS __

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Incas imperial system was 3000 miles. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Each community depended on the state for goods at self sufficiency. || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Some nobles held private estates. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Incas divided conquered areas into lands for the people and lands for the state and lands for the sun (religion). <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Mica: communities were expected to take turns working on the state/church lands and building projects. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Social life had religious meaning. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Inequality of women and men. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Coastal kingdom of Chimor emerged as the most powerful and was conquest by the Incas in 1465. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Conquered people were enlisted in the Inca armies and were rewarded with goods from new conquests. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Majority of men were peasant or herders. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Women passed rights/property to daughters (men to sons) || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· State organization and bureaucratic control. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Split inheritance: all political power and titles of ruler went to his successor but palaces/wealth/land remained his. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Twantinsuyu was divided into 4 great providences each under a governor then decided again. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Developed a state bureaucracy where all nobles played a role. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Political life had religious meaning. || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Long distance trade was important. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· State regulation of production and surplus limited trade. || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Gods/Goddesses were worshiped by men and women. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Temple of the sun in cuzco was the center of the state religion. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Political and social life was infused with religious meaning. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Sun to be the highest divinity. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Holy shrines: prayers offered and animals, goods, humans were sacrificed. || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· The Incas had pottery making, metal working, and mummifying. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Metalworking was the most advanced. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· No system of writing. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Empire was linked together with almost 2500 miles of roads. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Knotting strings or quipu to record numerical information. || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Tambos: roads, way stations were placed about a days walk apart to serve as inn, storehouses, and supply centers for Inca armies on the move. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">· Incas had more then 10,000 tambos. ||
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">E || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Economic:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">S || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Social:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">P || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Political:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">I || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Interactions:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">R || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Religion:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">I || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Cultural & Intellectual:
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">T || <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Technology and demographic changes:

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 110%;">Summary: The Incas had a state organization and bureaucratic control. They developed a state bureaucracy where all nobles played a role. Political life had religious meaning. They believed in gods and goddesses which were worshiped by men and women. At holy shrines prayers were offered and amimals, goods, and humans were sacrificed. Tambos were created, which were roads and way stations placed about a days walk apart to serve as inn, storehouses, and supply centers for Inca armies on the move. They did not have a system of writing, but their metalworking was the most advanced.