Economic: · Aztecs adopted irrigation agriculture by building chinampas, which were beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth. · Yield from chinampa agriculture was high; four corn crops a year were possible. · Each community had markets, every 5 to 13 days.
S
Social: · Warrior nobles took lands and tribute from conquered towns · Extended from the Tarasca frontier to the Maya area · Group of 10,000 migrated to the shores of Lake Texcoco. · Serfs served as laborers on lands. · Another group were the scribes, artisans, and healers, which were important to big cities · Divided into calpulli, which were clans that was a form of organization that later expanded. · Calpulli: residential groupings, neighbors, allies and dependants
P
Political: · Aztec rise to power and arranged an imperial state. · Aztec had been divided into 7 calpulli or clans, which was a form of organization. · Aztec tribe used political anarchy to invade the area of agriculture. · Lake dominated by tribes or people organized into city-states · Ruled by a king who represented civil power. · Nobles controlled the priesthood and military.
I
Interactions: · Aztecs had a reputation as tough warriors and followers of Gods. · Tenochtitlan created an alliance with 2 other city-states · Based on military power and their connection to Toltec culture · Long-distance trade in luxury items. · Merchants served also as agents for the Aztec military
R
Religion: · Aztecs believed in different gods, such as the god of rain, fire, water, and sky. · Human sacrifice expanded into an enormous cult. · 128 major deities · Each diety had a male and female · Depended on mythology that explained the birth and history of gods and there relationship with people. · Three major themes or cults Tlaloc, Huitzilopochtli and Nexhualcoyotl.
I
Cultural & Intellectual: · Toltec’s adopted features, added militaristic ethic. · Spoke Nahuatl. · Believed in human sacrifice. · Aztecs art and poetry are filled with images of flowers, birds, and songs. · Polygamy existed among nobility, but the peasants were monogamous.
T
Technology and demographic changes: · Technology limited social development · Women spent 6 hours a day grinding corn by hand on stone boards.
Summary: The Aztec rise to power arranged an imperial state. Aztecs adopted irrigation agriculture by building chinampas, which were beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth. Yield from chinampa agriculture was high; four corn crops a year were possible. Aztecs had a reputation as tough warriors and followers of Gods. Aztecs believed in different gods, such as the god of rain, fire, water, and sky. However, their technology limited their social development.
ESPIRIT CHART ON INCAS
E
Economic: · Incas imperial system was 3000 miles. · Each community depended on the state for goods at self sufficiency.
S
Social: · Some nobles held private estates. · Incas divided conquered areas into lands for the people and lands for the state and lands for the sun (religion). · Mica: communities were expected to take turns working on the state/church lands and building projects. · Social life had religious meaning. · Inequality of women and men. · Coastal kingdom of Chimor emerged as the most powerful and was conquest by the Incas in 1465. · Conquered people were enlisted in the Inca armies and were rewarded with goods from new conquests. · Majority of men were peasant or herders. · Women passed rights/property to daughters (men to sons)
P
Political: · State organization and bureaucratic control. · Split inheritance: all political power and titles of ruler went to his successor but palaces/wealth/land remained his. · Twantinsuyu was divided into 4 great providences each under a governor then decided again. · Developed a state bureaucracy where all nobles played a role. · Political life had religious meaning.
I
Interactions: · Long distance trade was important. · State regulation of production and surplus limited trade.
R
Religion: · Gods/Goddesses were worshiped by men and women. · Temple of the sun in cuzco was the center of the state religion. · Political and social life was infused with religious meaning. · Sun to be the highest divinity. · Holy shrines: prayers offered and animals, goods, humans were sacrificed.
I
Cultural & Intellectual: · The Incas had pottery making, metal working, and mummifying. · Metalworking was the most advanced. · No system of writing. · Empire was linked together with almost 2500 miles of roads. · Knotting strings or quipu to record numerical information.
T
Technology and demographic changes: · Tambos: roads, way stations were placed about a days walk apart to serve as inn, storehouses, and supply centers for Inca armies on the move. · Incas had more then 10,000 tambos.
Summary: The Incas had a state organization and bureaucratic control. They developed a state bureaucracy where all nobles played a role. Political life had religious meaning. They believed in gods and goddesses which were worshiped by men and women. At holy shrines prayers were offered and amimals, goods, and humans were sacrificed. Tambos were created, which were roads and way stations placed about a days walk apart to serve as inn, storehouses, and supply centers for Inca armies on the move. They did not have a system of writing, but their metalworking was the most advanced.
ESPIRIT CHART ON AZTECS
· Aztecs adopted irrigation agriculture by building chinampas, which were beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth.
· Yield from chinampa agriculture was high; four corn crops a year were possible.
· Each community had markets, every 5 to 13 days.
· Warrior nobles took lands and tribute from conquered towns
· Extended from the Tarasca frontier to the Maya area
· Group of 10,000 migrated to the shores of Lake Texcoco.
· Serfs served as laborers on lands.
· Another group were the scribes, artisans, and healers, which were important to big cities
· Divided into calpulli, which were clans that was a form of organization that later expanded.
· Calpulli: residential groupings, neighbors, allies and dependants
· Aztec rise to power and arranged an imperial state.
· Aztec had been divided into 7 calpulli or clans, which was a form of organization.
· Aztec tribe used political anarchy to invade the area of agriculture.
· Lake dominated by tribes or people organized into city-states
· Ruled by a king who represented civil power.
· Nobles controlled the priesthood and military.
· Aztecs had a reputation as tough warriors and followers of Gods.
· Tenochtitlan created an alliance with 2 other city-states
· Based on military power and their connection to Toltec culture
· Long-distance trade in luxury items.
· Merchants served also as agents for the Aztec military
· Aztecs believed in different gods, such as the god of rain, fire, water, and sky.
· Human sacrifice expanded into an enormous cult.
· 128 major deities
· Each diety had a male and female
· Depended on mythology that explained the birth and history of gods and there relationship with people.
· Three major themes or cults Tlaloc, Huitzilopochtli and Nexhualcoyotl.
· Toltec’s adopted features, added militaristic ethic.
· Spoke Nahuatl.
· Believed in human sacrifice.
· Aztecs art and poetry are filled with images of flowers, birds, and songs.
· Polygamy existed among nobility, but the peasants were monogamous.
· Technology limited social development
· Women spent 6 hours a day grinding corn by hand on stone boards.
Summary: The Aztec rise to power arranged an imperial state. Aztecs adopted irrigation agriculture by building chinampas, which were beds of aquatic weeds, mud, and earth. Yield from chinampa agriculture was high; four corn crops a year were possible. Aztecs had a reputation as tough warriors and followers of Gods. Aztecs believed in different gods, such as the god of rain, fire, water, and sky. However, their technology limited their social development.
ESPIRIT CHART ON INCAS
· Incas imperial system was 3000 miles.
· Each community depended on the state for goods at self sufficiency.
· Some nobles held private estates.
· Incas divided conquered areas into lands for the people and lands for the state and lands for the sun (religion).
· Mica: communities were expected to take turns working on the state/church lands and building projects.
· Social life had religious meaning.
· Inequality of women and men.
· Coastal kingdom of Chimor emerged as the most powerful and was conquest by the Incas in 1465.
· Conquered people were enlisted in the Inca armies and were rewarded with goods from new conquests.
· Majority of men were peasant or herders.
· Women passed rights/property to daughters (men to sons)
· State organization and bureaucratic control.
· Split inheritance: all political power and titles of ruler went to his successor but palaces/wealth/land remained his.
· Twantinsuyu was divided into 4 great providences each under a governor then decided again.
· Developed a state bureaucracy where all nobles played a role.
· Political life had religious meaning.
· Long distance trade was important.
· State regulation of production and surplus limited trade.
· Gods/Goddesses were worshiped by men and women.
· Temple of the sun in cuzco was the center of the state religion.
· Political and social life was infused with religious meaning.
· Sun to be the highest divinity.
· Holy shrines: prayers offered and animals, goods, humans were sacrificed.
· The Incas had pottery making, metal working, and mummifying.
· Metalworking was the most advanced.
· No system of writing.
· Empire was linked together with almost 2500 miles of roads.
· Knotting strings or quipu to record numerical information.
· Tambos: roads, way stations were placed about a days walk apart to serve as inn, storehouses, and supply centers for Inca armies on the move.
· Incas had more then 10,000 tambos.
Summary: The Incas had a state organization and bureaucratic control. They developed a state bureaucracy where all nobles played a role. Political life had religious meaning. They believed in gods and goddesses which were worshiped by men and women. At holy shrines prayers were offered and amimals, goods, and humans were sacrificed. Tambos were created, which were roads and way stations placed about a days walk apart to serve as inn, storehouses, and supply centers for Inca armies on the move. They did not have a system of writing, but their metalworking was the most advanced.