Recent Changes

20th Century Nationalism
The West
Russia and China
Leader Analysis Sheet
Name of Leader: Nassar

Revolution in Russia pg. 681-685
· Alexander Kerensky: revolutionary leader, eager to see parliamentary rule, religious and other free freedoms
· Food and labor shortages led to strickes in 1917
· The October revolution was led by Bosheviks and Lenin, wanted to take control from communist party.
· Lenin replaces parliament with Congress of Soviets
· Famine and unemployment created more economic hardship than the war.
· The Red Army: powerful new army under the leadership on Leon Trotsky
· Lenin issued New Economic Policy: promised considerable freedom of action for small business owners and peasant landowners
· Regime gained time to prepare the more durable structures of the communist system.
· A new constitution set up a federal system of socialist republics, recognized the multinational character of the nation: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
· Appeared to be parliamentary democracy, but was really controlled by communists.
· The Supreme Soviet had many of the trappings of a parliament and was elected by universal suffrage.
· New educational system reshaped popular culture away from older peasant traditions and beliefs in communist political analysis and science.
· Joseph Stalin gained control, wanted to focus on Russian socialism internally.
Stalinism in the Soviet Union pg. 698-703
· Stalin wanted to make Russia industrialized through Gov. Intervention.
· The Great Depression = bad economy
· Collectivization: creation of large, state run farms, rather than individual holdings.
· Collectivization allowed more efficient control over peasants; some welcomed the idea while others refused to cooperate voluntarily.
· A system of five year plans included heavy industrialization without westernization.
· Stalin sought to create an alternative private business ownership but also to the profit oriented marker mechanism.
· Industrialization led to crowded cities and cramped housing.
· Soviet industry was directed from the top with no legal outlet, strikes were outlawed
· Socialist realism: emphasized heroic idealization of workers, soldiers, and peasants
· Politburo: party congresses and meetings of the executive committee
· Soviet dissatisfaction with Germany, led to war.
Eastern Europe after WWII pg. 750-759
· Russia sought out to influence East Europe to serve as a shield against the West.
· Russia gained influence in countries like China and Vietnam, Middle East, Africa, and Latin America.
· Influence through trade and cultural missions on all settled continents=Soviet Union superpower
· Manufacturing of nuclear weapons
· Eastern European nations had communists movements supported by the Soviet Union
· Collectivization and five year plan was adopted by other nations.
· Berlin Wall: built by Soviets in 1961, built to stop people from leaving the part of Berlin that was controlled by Soviets.
· Warsaw Pact: alliance in respond to Nato
· Liberal movements weakened by Soviet Union
· Influence over Eastern Europe decreased, but continued military presence.
· Increased social welfare programs and omnipresent party bureaucracy
· Regime declared war on the Orthodox church, by the 1950 church attendance decreased under gov. repression
· Soviet State continued to attack modern Western styled of art and literature.
· Education system helped build sense of nationalism
· Agriculture continued to struggle, social classes remained just about the same
· Khrushchev emerged from the committee pack took power from Stalin, little reform
· Khrushchev had little desire for the war, geared away from military promoted a new policy for peace; lowered cold war tensions
· Siberian land program led to his downfall
· Cuban missile crisis: Soviets installed missiles in Cuba
· Faced a number of new foreign policy problems
· Rift with China, which was a communist nation with a shared long border.
· Invasion of Afghanistan in order to support puppet regime, which bogged down amid guerilla warfare
· Lack of consumer culture and high rates of alcoholism
Explosion of the 1980s and 1990s pg. 841-847
· Soviets lose control because of poor economic performance and costs of competing with the United States military.
· Growing inadequacy of housing and consumer goods.
· Mikhaild Gorbachev: young official, renewed earlier attacks on Stalinist rigidity and replaced some of the old-line party bureaucrats
· He was western dressed and allowed media criticism
· Glasnost: Gorbachev proclaimed a policy of openness
· Perestroika: economic restructuring – leeway for private ownership and decentralized control in industry and agriculture
· Congress of the People’s Deputies gave more power to parliament
· Nationalist agitations in the Balkans
· Eastern countries adopted new democratic, noncommunist governments
· The Berlin Wall was dismantled, German unification in 1991
· Soviet troops left Eastern Europe, end of Soviet Union
· Boris Yeltsin: became president of Russia
· The former Soviet Union gave way to the loose Commonwealth of Independent States.
· Tensions immediately surfaced about economic coordination led to decline of Yeltsin
· Civil War in Muslim
· New president Putin, wanted to clean up corruption but attacked opponents repressed media outlets
Name of Leader: Joseph Stalin
Lifespan: Dec. 1878 - March 1953
Title: Chairman of the Council of Ministers
Country/region: Soviet Union
Years in Power: 1941 – 1953
Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
- October revolution
- Communist govt. led by Lenin
- Govt. involvement and control
- Bad conditions with peasants and lower class continue
Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
- Supported government intervention
- Wanted to industrialize Russia
- Stressed having a strong military
Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
- Five year plan: heavy industrialization without westernization.
- Collectivization: creation of large, state run farms, rather than individual holdings
- Cold war
Short-Term effects:
- Social reforms eased some of the suffering.
Long-Term Effects
- Nationalism and communism
- Stepping stone for future economic, political, and military structure.
4. Write a thesis statement for the following questions.
Analyze the changes and continuities in Russian political structure from 1914 to the present
Although Russia’s political structure remained unstable, it underwent major changes from a communist government to a federation from 1914 to the present.
Analyze the changes in Russian Society from 1914 to the present
Drastic changes are viewed in Russian Society from 1914 to the present especially for the peasant and lower class.
Toward Revolution in China pg. 685-689
· Fall of the Qing dynasty
· Rise of Communist party
· Yuan Shikai: hoped to seize the vacated Manchu throne and found a new dynasty
· Dealings with Japan=downfall of Shikai
· May the Fourth movement: mass demonstrations protesting against Japanese inroads (resistance began) ; aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy
· Ll Dazhai: placed heavy emphasis on capacity for promoting renewal, head of Marxist study circle
· Mao Zedong: young student of Ll Dazhao, believed that imperialist powers betrayed China
· Guomindang: Nationalist party, wanted to prove the communist great rival for the mandate to rule China
· Whampoa Military Academy: gave nationalists a critical military dimension to their political maneuvering
· Peasants class dissatisfied
· Chiang Kai-shek: young military officer, took control of nationalist party and unified China
Mao’s China and Beyond pg. 823-830
· Japanese invasion of China, power shifted to communist in 1945.
· People's Republic of China: establish by Mao after Chiang and his armies fled
· Mao gained support through land reforms, education, and improved healthcare
· Lin Biao: commander, gifted in conventional warfare
· Communist won the mandate to govern China because they offered solutions to the social and economic problems
· Party cadres & the People’s Liberation army: strong military and political organization
· Rift with Soviet Union
· Tested nuclear weapons
· Gave land back to peasant class
· Mass Line: economic policy of Zedong which led to the formation of agricultural cooperative
· Great Lean Forward: was a further effort to revitalize the revolution by restoring its mass, rural base (industrialization)
· Led to Chinese famine
· Mao lost his position, pragmatists included Zhou Enlai, Liu Shaoqui, Deng Xiaoping
· Jiang Qing: Mao’s wife, committed to the liberation of Chinese women
· Cultural Revolution: mass student demonstrations, Mao wanted to restore his dominance over pragmatists
· Red Guard: “little red books” student brigades
· Gang of Four: contested power against Mao
· Redistributed wealth to the poorest fraction of society; economic growth
Protest and Repression in China pg. 848-849
· Students camped in Beijing’s central Tiananmen Square
· Led to the death of hundreds and additional political imprisonments and exiles
· Demonstrations, boycotts, smashing, looting, burning, traffic jams, hunger strikes: decrease in publish health and safety
· Damaged social stability, claims gov. in striving for the same as the students
Li Peng objects to the protest because he feels it is tarnishing China’s international image and prestige. He also feels that all of China striving for the same goals, like “push forward reform, develop democracy, and overcome corruption,” so they have to reason to be causing all this nonsense. Peng thinks everything is stable and that the protest is putting their accomplishments on pause. His argument against the few corrupt people that cause all riots and his argument on overall order are similar to those of governments. The Chinese decided to repress political democracy in order to weaken their rule.
Name of Leader: Mao Zedong
Lifespan: Dec. 1893 – Sep. 1976
Title: Chairman of the Communist Party of China
Country/region: China
Years in Power: 1943 – 1976
Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
- Economically instability
- Japanese threat
- Bad conditions with peasants and lower class continue
Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
- Authoritarian state
- Wanted to industrialize China
- Opposed Western nations
Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
- Party cadres and the People's Liberation Army: strong military and political org.
- Stable communist gov.
- Great Lean Forward: was a further effort to revitalize the revolution by restoring its mass, rural base (industrialization)
- Cultural Revolution: mass student demonstrations, Mao wanted to restore his dominance over pragmatists
Short-Term effects:
- Social reforms, economic stability.
Long-Term Effects
· - Mao gained support through land reforms, education, and improved healthcare.
8. Write a thesis statement for the following questions.
Analyze the changes and continuities in Chinese politics from 1914 to the present
Although Chinese politics have managed to successfully run a communist government, the way they run this communist government has continuously changed between 1914 to the present.
Analyze the changes in Chinese Society from 1914 to the present
With the help of women like Jiang Qing and other Chinese figures, Chinese society has changed drastically for everyone from women to peasants during the period 1914 to the present.

Read in Depth p.794-795 - Take notes on main points and answer questions.
Artificial Nations and the Rising Tide of Communal Strife
New states torn by internal conflict
Nearly all the nations that emerged from decolonization were artificial creations
Instability & suffering=decolonized areas are unfit to rule themselves
Western colonialism=internal division & social divisions
Colonial boundaries cut peoples apart, tossed together different and often hostile ethnic or religious groups
Intense competition, communal conflict, and countless wars occurred between diff. ethnic and religious groups
Colonial regimes were built and maintained by divide and tile tactics
Recruited minority ethnic or religious groups into their armies
Common violence in turn encouraged the migration of refugees
Overarching nationalist identity
Separatist movements have been a prominent feature of the political life of new states
Democracy. Main victim of the tensions between rival ethnic groups within many emerging nations
Elected legislatures have often been dominated by parties representing special interest
Questions: I don’t believe industrialized nations should intervene with clashes in Africa or Asia because it’s important for a society to learn how to resolve these internal conflicts without external factors. Colonial polities may have been changed by adding limitations, restrictions, or tolerance for didn’t ethics and religions.
3/22/2011 - Read 636-643 - take notes to Identify major changes and continuities of the upcoming unit
New nations arose, boundary changes

Strikes, growth of trade unions, and votes for socialist parties
Austria-Hungary vs. Serbia, Russia vowed to support Serbia
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I see..
It means..

East and South East Asia

The West

Distanced itself from the atheistic communist world
Decade long absorption in the war and its continuing isolation made it possible o assess the potential of the religious revivalist
4-13-11
In depth – pg. 684 Notes & questions
· Rural discontent was crucial
· Peasant revolutions were encouraged by presures of population growth, resentment againt big landowners, and increased taxes
· Rise of revolutionary movements caused by spread of Industrial Revolution and Western Centered, global market system.
· World wars proved even more fruitful to revolutions
· Soldiers and neglected veterans refused to defend
· Increase in Global interconnectedness
· Economic competition and military rivalries of the industrial powers led to unwanted wars and manpower drawn from their colonies
· Underlying intellectual climate, belief in perfectibility of human society, influenced by communist theorists
· Looked to overthrow existing regimes that they thought were oppressive
· Wanted to build redically new soiceties that would bring justice to previous social groups like presants and working class
· Visions of goodlife = powerful driving force for revolutions from Mexico to China
· Capitalist societies developed social welfare programs to limit social discontent
· The need to come to dispute Western influence – wanted to reduce, seek alternative models
Questions
· Some internal factors that wekened the government was social unrest among the middle class and pesantry, as well as resentment with landowers, angry about living conditions, and discontent with lack of jobs because of the industrial revolution. External factors include Western influence and the Industrial Revolution. The key social group behind these revolutions were the peasants. They were encouraged by presures of population growth and increased taxes. They were the ones feeling the most effect of the Western influence and Industrial revolution. The three revolutions were all caused by the middle class and peasants and they were mad about the lack of jobs, however in China and Mexico they wanted better living conditions and were characeritic of the early stages of industrialization.

20th Century Nationalism
Leader Analysis Sheet
Name of Leader: Nassar
Lifespan 1918-1970
Title:
Country/region: Egypt
Years in Power
Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
No social or economic progress
Military regime was in control
Conditions worsened
Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
Wanted to reform Egypt
Wanted to enacted land reforms and used state resources to reduce unemployment
Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
Free Officers movement: military nationalist movement, often allied with the Muslim Brotherhood; led coup to seize Egyptian government from khedive in July 1952
exiled Britain from the Suez Canal
Muslim Brotherhood
Short-Term effects:
Long-Term Effects
Leader Analysis Sheet
Name of Leader: Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini
Lifespan: 1900-1989
Title: Religious ruler
Country/region: Iran
Years in Power
Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
Anticolonial resistance movements
Heavy emphasis on religious purification
Religious revivalism
Lack of solid government control
Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
Wanted to expel the Pahlavi shah of Iran
Emphasized religious purification
Tried to eliminate Western influences and establish a purely Islamic government
Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
Khomeini Revolution of 1979
Veiling became obligatory for women
Opportunities for educated women were limited
Limbs for theft and stoning for women who committed adultery
Short-Term effects:
Western influences
Long-Term Effects
Distanced itself from the atheistic communist world
Decade long absorption in the war and its continuing isolation made it possible o assess the potential of the religious revivalist